CompTIA N10-008 Exam Syllabus Topics:

Topic	Details
Networking Fundamentals - 24%
Compare and contrast the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model layers and encapsulation concepts.	- OSI model Layer 1 – Physical Layer 2 – Data link Layer 3 – Network Layer 4 – Transport Layer 5 – Session Layer 6 – Presentation Layer 7 – Application - Data encapsulation and decapsulation within the OSI model context Ethernet header Internet Protocol (IP) header Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/User Datagram Protocol (UDP) headers TCP flags Payload Maximum transmission unit (MTU)
Explain the characteristics of network topologies and network types.	- Mesh - Star/hub-and-spoke - Bus - Ring - Hybrid - Network types and characteristics Peer-to-peer Client-server Local area network (LAN) Metropolitan area network (MAN) Wide area network (WAN) Wireless local area network (WLAN) Personal area network (PAN) Campus area network (CAN) Storage area network (SAN) Software-defined wide area network (SDWAN) Multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) Multipoint generic routing encapsulation (mGRE) - Service-related entry point Demarcation point Smartjack - Virtual network concepts vSwitch Virtual network interface card (vNIC) Network function virtualization (NFV) Hypervisor - Provider links Satellite Digital subscriber line (DSL) Cable Leased line Metro-optical
Summarize the types of cables and connectors and explain which is the appropriate type for a solution.	- Copper Twisted pair 1. Cat 5 2. Cat 5e 3. Cat 6 4. Cat 6a 5. Cat 7 6. Cat 8 Coaxial/RG-6 Twinaxial Termination standards 1. TIA/EIA-568A 2. TIA/EIA-568B - Fiber Single-mode Multimode - Connector types Local connector (LC), straight tip (ST), subscriber connector (SC), mechanical transfer (MT), registered jack (RJ) 1. Angled physical contact (APC) 2. Ultra-physical contact (UPC) RJ11 RJ45 F-type connector Transceivers/media converters Transceiver type 1. Small form-factor pluggable (SFP) 2. Enhanced form-factor pluggable (SFP+) 3. Quad small form-factor pluggable (QSFP) 4. Enhanced quad small form-factor pluggable (QSFP+) - Cable management Patch panel/patch bay Fiber distribution panel Punchdown block 1. 66 2. 110 3. Krone 4. Bix - Ethernet standards Copper 1. 10BASE-T 2. 100BASE-TX 3. 1000BASE-T 4. 10GBASE-T 5. 40GBASE-T Fiber 1. 100BASE-FX 2 .100BASE-SX 3. 1000BASE-SX 4. 1000BASE-LX 5. 10GBASE-SR 6. 10GBASE-LR 7. Coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) 8. Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) 9. Bidirectional wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)
Given a scenario, configure a subnet and use appropriate IP addressing schemes.	- Public vs. private RFC1918 Network address translation (NAT) Port address translation (PAT) - IPv4 vs. IPv6 Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) Extended unique identifier (EUI-64) Multicast Unicast Anycast Broadcast Link local Loopback Default gateway - IPv4 subnetting Classless (variable-length subnet mask) Classful 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. E Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) notation - IPv6 concepts Tunneling Dual stack Shorthand notation Router advertisement Stateless address autoconfiguration (SLAAC) - Virtual IP (VIP) - Subinterfaces
Explain common ports and protocols, their application, and encrypted alternatives.	- Protocol sand Ports File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 20/21 Secure Shell (SSH) 22 Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) 22 Telnet 23 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 25 Domain Name System (DNS) 53 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) 67/68 Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) 69 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 80 Post Office Protocol v3 (POP3) 110 Network Time Protocol (NTP) 123 Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) 143 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 161/162 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) 389 Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) [Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)] 443 HTTPS [Transport Layer Security (TLS)] 443 Server Message Block (SMB) 445 Syslog 514 SMTP TLS 587 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (over SSL) (LDAPS) 636 IMAP over SSL 993 POP3 over SSL 995 Structured Query Language (SQL) Server 1433 SQLnet 1521 MySQL 3306 Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) 3389 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 5060/5061 IP protocol types 1. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 2. TCP 3. UDP 4. Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) 5. Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) - Authentication Header (AH)/Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) - Connectionless vs. connection-oriented
Explain the use and purpose of network services.	- DHCP Scope Exclusion ranges Reservation Dynamic assignment Static assignment Lease time Scope options Available leases DHCP relay IP helper/UDP forwarding - DNS Record types 1. Address (A vs. AAAA) 2. Canonical name (CNAME) 3. Mail exchange (MX) 4. Start of authority (SOA) 5. Pointer (PTR) 6. Text (TXT) 7. Service (SRV) 8. Name server (NS) Global hierarchy 1. Root DNS servers Internal vs. external Zone transfers Authoritative name servers Time to live (TTL) DNS caching Reverse DNS/reverse lookup/forward lookup Recursive lookup/iterative lookup - NTP Stratum Clients Servers
Explain basic corporate and datacenter network architecture.	- Three-tiered Core Distribution/aggregation layer Access/edge - Software-defined networking Application layer Control layer Infrastructure layer Management plane - Spine and leaf Software-defined network Top-of-rack switching Backbone - Traffic flows North-South East-West - Branch office vs. on-premises datacenter vs. colocation - Storage area networks Connection types 1. Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) 2. Fibre Channel 3. Internet Small Computer Systems Interface (iSCSI)
Summarize cloud concepts and connectivity options.	- Deployment models Public Private Hybrid Community - Service models Software as a service (SaaS) Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) Platform as a service (PaaS) Desktop as a service (DaaS) - Infrastructure as code Automation/orchestration - Connectivity options Virtual private network (VPN) Private-direct connection to cloud provider - Multitenancy - Elasticity - Scalability - Security implications
Network Implementations - 19%
Compare and contrast various devices, their features, and their appropriate placement on the network.	- Networking devices Layer 2 switch Layer 3 capable switch Router Hub Access point Bridge Wireless LAN controller Load balancer Proxy server Cable modem DSL modem Repeater Voice gateway Media converter Intrusion prevention system (IPS)/intrusion detection system (IDS) device Firewall VPN headend - Networked devices Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) phone Printer Physical access control devices Cameras Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) sensors Internet of Things (IoT) 1. Refrigerator 2. Smart speakers 3. Smart thermostats 4. Smart doorbells Industrial control systems/supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
Compare and contrast routing technologies and bandwidth management concepts.	- Routing Dynamic routing 1. Protocols [Routing Internet Protocol (RIP), Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)] 2. Link state vs. distance vector vs. hybrid Static routing Default route Administrative distance Exterior vs. interior Time to live - Bandwidth management Traffic shaping Quality of service (QoS)
Given a scenario, configure and deploy common Ethernet switching features.	- Data virtual local area network (VLAN) - Voice VLAN - Port configurations Port tagging/802.1Q Port aggregation 1. Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) Duplex Speed Flow control Port mirroring Port security Jumbo frames Auto-medium-dependent interface crossover (MDI-X) - Media access control (MAC) address tables - Power over Ethernet (PoE)/Power over Ethernet plus (PoE+) - Spanning Tree Protocol - Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) - Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) - Neighbor Discovery Protocol
Given a scenario, install and configure the appropriate wireless standards and technologies.	- 802.11 standards a b g n (WiFi 4) ac (WiFi 5) ax (WiFi 6) - Frequencies and range 2.4GHz 5GHz - Channels Regulatory impacts - Channel bonding - Service set identifier (SSID) Basic service set Extended service set Independent basic service set (Ad-hoc) Roaming - Antenna types Omni Directional - Encryption standards WiFi Protected Access (WPA)/WPA2 Personal [Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)/Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP)] WPA/WPA2 Enterprise (AES/TKIP) - Cellular technologies Code-division multiple access (CDMA) Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) Long-Term Evolution (LTE) 3G, 4G, 5G - Multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) and multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO)
Network Operations - 16%
Given a scenario, use the appropriate statistics and sensors to ensure network availability.	- Performance metrics/sensors Device/chassis 1. Temperature 2. Central processing unit (CPU) usage 3. Memory Network metrics 1. Bandwidth 2. Latency 3. Jitter - SNMP Traps Object identifiers (OIDs) Management information bases (MIBs) - Network device logs Log reviews 1. Traffic logs 2. Audit logs 3. Syslog Logging levels/severity levels - Interface statistics/status Link state (up/down) Speed/duplex Send/receive traffic Cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs) Protocol packet and byte counts - Interface errors or alerts CRC errors Giants Runts Encapsulation errors - Environmental factors and sensors Temperature Humidity Electrical Flooding - Baselines - NetFlow data - Uptime/downtime
Explain the purpose of organizational documents and policies.	- Plans and procedures Change management Incident response plan Disaster recovery plan Business continuity plan System life cycle Standard operating procedures - Hardening and security policies Password policy Acceptable use policy Bring your own device (BYOD) policy Remote access policy Onboarding and offboarding policy Security policy Data loss prevention - Common documentation Physical network diagram 1. Floor plan 2. Rack diagram 3. Intermediate distribution frame (IDF)/main distribution frame (MDF) documentation Logical network diagram Wiring diagram Site survey report Audit and assessment report Baseline configurations - Common agreements Non-disclosure agreement (NDA) Service-level agreement (SLA) Memorandum of understanding (MOU)
Explain high availability and disaster recovery concepts and summarize which is the best solution.	- Load balancing - Multipathing - Network interface card (NIC) teaming - Redundant hardware/clusters Switches Routers Firewalls - Facilities and infrastructure support Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) Power distribution units (PDUs) Generator HVAC Fire suppression - Redundancy and high availability (HA) concepts Cold site Warm site Hot site Cloud site Active-active vs. active-passive 1. Multiple Internet service providers (ISPs)/diverse paths 2. Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP)/First Hop Redundancy Protocol (FHRP) Mean time to repair (MTTR) Mean time between failure (MTBF) Recovery time objective (RTO) Recovery point objective (RPO) - Network device backup/restore State Configuration
Network Security - 19%
Explain common security concepts.	- Confidentiality, integrity, availability (CIA) - Threats Internal External - Vulnerabilities Common vulnerabilities and exposures (CVE) Zero-day - Exploits - Least privilege - Role-based access - Zero Trust - Defense in depth Network segmentation enforcement Screened subnet [previously known as demilitarized zone (DMZ)] Separation of duties Network access control Honeypot - Authentication methods Multifactor Terminal Access Controller Access-Control System Plus (TACACS+) Single sign-on (SSO) Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service (RADIUS) LDAP Kerberos Local authentication 802.1X Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) - Risk Management Security risk assessments 1. Threat assessment 2. Vulnerability assessment 3. Penetration testing 4. Posture assessment Business risk assessments 1. Process assessment 2. Vendor assessment - Security information and event management (SIEM)
Compare and contrast common types of attacks.	- Technology-based Denial-of-service (DoS)/distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) 1. Botnet/command and control On-path attack (previously known as man-in-the-middle attack) DNS poisoning VLAN hopping ARP spoofing Rogue DHCP Rogue access point (AP) Evil twin Ransomware Password attacks 1. Brute-force 2. Dictionary MAC spoofing IP spoofing Deauthentication Malware - Human and environmental Social engineering 1. Phishing 2. Tailgating 3. Piggybacking 4. Shoulder surfing
Given a scenario, apply network hardening techniques.	- Best practices Secure SNMP Router Advertisement (RA) Guard Port security Dynamic ARP inspection Control plane policing Private VLANs Disable unneeded switchports Disable unneeded network services Change default passwords Password complexity/length Enable DHCP snooping Change default VLAN Patch and firmware management Access control list Role-based access Firewall rules 1. Explicit deny 2. Implicit deny - Wireless security MAC filtering Antenna placement Power levels Wireless client isolation Guest network isolation Preshared keys (PSKs) EAP Geofencing Captive portal - IoT access considerations
Compare and contrast remote access methods and security implications.	- Site-to-site VPN - Client-to-site VPN Clientless VPN Split tunnel vs. full tunnel - Remote desktop connection - Remote desktop gateway - SSH - Virtual network computing (VNC) - Virtual desktop - Authentication and authorization considerations - In-band vs. out-of-band management
Explain the importance of physical security.	- Detection methods Camera Motion detection Asset tags Tamper detection - Prevention methods Employee training Access control hardware 1. Badge readers 2. Biometrics Locking racks Locking cabinets Access control vestibule (previously known as a mantrap) Smart lockers - Asset disposal
Network Troubleshooting - 22%
Explain the network troubleshooting methodology.	- Identify the problem Gather information Question users Identify symptoms Determine if anything has changed Duplicate the problem, if possible Approach multiple problems individually - Establish a theory of probable cause Question the obvious Consider multiple approaches 1. Top-to-bottom/bottom-to-top OSI model 2. Divide and conquer - Test the theory to determine the cause If the theory is confirmed, determine the next steps to resolve the problem If the theory is not confirmed, reestablish a new theory or escalate - Establish a plan of action to resolve the problem and identify potential effects - Implement the solution or escalate as necessary - Verify full system functionality and, if applicable, implement preventive measures - Document findings, actions, outcomes, and lessons learned
Given a scenario, troubleshoot common cable connectivity issues and select the appropriate tools.	- Specifications and limitations Throughput Speed Distance - Cable considerations Shielded and unshielded Plenum and riser-rated - Cable application Rollover cable/console cable Crossover cable Power over Ethernet - Common issues Attenuation Interference Decibel (dB) loss Incorrect pinout Bad ports Open/short Light-emitting diode (LED) status indicators Incorrect transceivers Duplexing issues Transmit and receive (TX/RX) reversed Dirty optical cables - Common tools Cable crimper Punchdown tool Tone generator Loopback adapter Optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) Multimeter Cable tester Wire map Tap Fusion splicers Spectrum analyzers Snips/cutters Cable stripper Fiber light meter
Given a scenario, use the appropriate network software tools and commands.	- Software tools WiFi analyzer Protocol analyzer/packet capture Bandwidth speed tester Port scanner iperf NetFlow analyzers Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) server Terminal emulator IP scanner - Command line tool ping ipconfig/ifconfig/ip nslookup/dig traceroute/tracert arp netstat hostname route telnet tcpdump nmap - Basic network platform commands show interface show config show route
Given a scenario, troubleshoot common wireless connectivity issues.	- Specifications and limitations Throughput Speed Distance Received signal strength indication (RSSI) signal strength Effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP)/power settings - Considerations Antennas 1. Placement 2. Type 3. Polarization Channel utilization AP association time Site survey - Common issues Interference 1. Channel overlap Antenna cable attenuation/signal loss RF attenuation/signal loss Wrong SSID Incorrect passphrase Encryption protocol mismatch Insufficient wireless coverage Captive portal issues Client disassociation issues
Given a scenario, troubleshoot general networking issues.	- Considerations Device configuration review Routing tables Interface status VLAN assignment Network performance baselines - Common issues Collisions Broadcast storm Duplicate MAC address Duplicate IP address Multicast flooding Asymmetrical routing Switching loops Routing loops Rogue DHCP server DHCP scope exhaustion IP setting issues Missing route Low optical link budget Certificate issues Hardware failure Host-based/network-based firewall settings Blocked services, ports, or addresses Incorrect VLAN DNS issues NTP issues BYOD challenges Licensed feature issues Network performance issues

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